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Fighting colours of the Fleet Air Arm's Buccaneer

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Michael.Clegg 1 year ago
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Welcome to this latest edition of our Workbench blog and all the news, updates and modelling exclusives from the fascinating world of Airfix.

After last week's blog deviation into the fascinating world of scale Military Vehicle modelling with our new Sturmpanzer IV Brummbär kit, we are very much back on the glidepath for this edition, as we return to one of the headline new tooling projects announced at the start of the year. If classic post war British jet aircraft are your thing, then you will not be disappointed to hear that our blog subject for this week is the latest update from our eagerly anticipated 1/48th scale Blackburn Buccaneer S.2 new tooling project, a mighty new kit which will be high on the list of many Workbench readers as a build project for later in the year. We will be seeing how the initial release from this new tooling will provide modellers with no fewer than four marking options in which to consider finishing your build and as we will be covering each scheme in turn, we will therefore be attempting to provide you will all the information you will need in selecting your preferred finish option, even before you get your hands on the new kit.  

We will be following this update with a quick look at a new feature which has recently been added to the official Airfix YouTube channel and a little development which we hope will further enhance the experience of modellers in selecting their next kit build project. For those of you who have already discovered these new unboxing videos, we would love to have your thoughts on them, so please do drop us a quick line at workbench@airfix.com to let us know. Now, its time we went Buccaneering!

An aeroplane carved out of solid metal

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If you are ever fortunate enough to get this close to a Buccaneer, you will marvel at the sheer size of the aircraft and the men who used to operate these aviation beasts from the decks of Britain's relatively small aircraft carriers. This is one of the two aircraft lovingly cared for by members of The Buccaneer Aviation Group at Kemble.

Although the aircraft types currently in service with Britain's armed forces are undoubtedly more capable than any which have preceded them, could it be argued that they don't quite have the personality of many of the aircraft which went before them, or are we just looking at the subject through rose tinted aviation glasses? Those of us who remember attending Airshows which could boast such display aircraft as Shackletons, Harriers, Canberras and Phantoms certainly miss those glory days and would give anything to have the chance to go back in time and take our places amongst the thousands packing RAF Mildenhall on show day. 

One aircraft which was the star of many a British Airshow since its introduction in the early 1960s, the Blackburn Buccaneer may have been the consummate display performer, but the actual role for which it was designed was a far more sinister one. The first aircraft of its type to be developed from the outset as an ‘under radar’ naval strike jet, the Buccaneer had to possess excellent performance at low altitudes, in addition to having the capability to deliver nuclear munitions onto their intended target if and when required. That target would likely be the Soviet Navy's new Sverdlov Class Cruisers, a powerful fleet of new fighting ships which posed a huge threat not only to the Royal Navy, but also the rest of NATO. With Britain unable to fund a significant expansion of the Royal Navy's surface fleet to counter this new threat, it was decided that the most cost effective solution would be to introduce a new naval strike aircraft the like of which had never been seen before, one which was capable of operating from the decks of Britain's relatively small aircraft carriers. With a punishing specifications brief to satisfy, this new strike jet would have to be a very special aeroplane indeed.

Anyone fortunate enough to have the opportunity to inspect a preserved example of the Blackburn Buccaneer at close quarters will probably be left asking themselves one question - How on earth did they manage to land one of these beasts on the deck of one the Royal Navy's relatively diminutive aircraft carriers? Indeed, if you look at contemporary photographs of Fleet Air Arm Buccaneer operations, it seems as if there is hardly room to store a single Buccaneer on the deck of a British carrier, let alone store and operate an entire squadron of them. This was a very big aeroplane and one where everything about its design was robust and built for the rigors of operations at sea.

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A rugged and effective strike jet, our new Buccaneer kit will make for a stunning display piece and a fitting scale tribute to this magnificent Cold War jet.

Those pilots who were proficient and brave enough to operate Fleet Air Arm Buccaneers from the deck of a British carrier described how the clever technology incorporated into its design ensured that the aircraft was relatively stable and benign on landing approach, but how you always had to have your wits about you. Once you had landed on with the arrestor hook engaged, the aircraft came to a violent halt, by which time the deck handlers were already on you .... there was no time to sit and contemplate what had just happened. It was a case of arrester hook up, wings folded and an immediate taxi away for parking, in order to allow the next aircraft to land - all this after just landing a beast of an aeroplane on a postage stamp in the middle of the ocean.

When looking at the shape of the Buccaneer from above, it is interesting to see how the designers cleverly overcame the problem of storing this aviation monster on the deck or below decks on a small British aircraft carrier. The most important thing was clearly to produce an aircraft which was capable of doing the job for which it was intended and as we now all know, this resulted in an aircraft of rather generous proportions - you might even describe it as being somewhat portly. Nevertheless, once the wings are folded for storage, the nose folded back and the rear airbrakes opened to their maximum position, the Buccaneer takes on a completely different profile, making it much easier to handle on a ship and importantly, able to fit on one of the onboard lifts.

On entering service, the Buccaneer provided the Royal Navy with a devastatingly effective strike weapon, however, its operation depended on the expertise of talented airmen and their deck handling crews who were not intimidated at the prospect of taming this aviation beast and taking it to sea. In true British fashion, the Royal Navy saw no benefit in producing a dual control training variant of the Buccaneer, so pilots selected to fly the new aircraft would take their first flight in the aircraft as an observer in the rear seat. The first flight as pilot would therefore be their first Buccaneer solo, although they did have the reassurance of a qualified instructor in the seat behind them, providing verbal encouragement as they came to terms with this huge and complicated aircraft. 

Aware that this would be the case, the designers at Blackburn produced a roomy cockpit for the pilot and included many automated features, intended to reduce his workload. The two seats were also slightly offset, with the rear seat also being positioned slightly higher than the front one, allowing a better forward view for the rear observer, who may be guiding a pilot through his first Buccaneer flight. Despite all of this innovation, operating a Buccaneer from the decks of a British aircraft carrier would challenge the capabilities of even the most proficient pilot and would become a proud boast for anyone who had such an achievement in their flight log book.

Airfix honour the mighty Buccaneer

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A stunning addition to the Airfix range, the Buccaneer in 1/48th scale will be a BIG kit and one which will be a fitting tribute to the legacy of an aircraft which served both the Fleet Air Arm and the Royal Air Force with distinction.

When we announced our newly tooled 1/72nd scale Blackburn Buccaneer kit back in 2019, we were left in absolutely no doubt as to the enduring affection in which this magnificent aeroplane is still held. The announcement appeared to be met with overwhelming positivity, although as we expected, there were comments lamenting the fact that we had not produced the kit in 1/48th scale. Historically, 1/72nd scale is the traditional scale for displaying built model kits, mainly because it is big enough to allow decent levels of detail to be incorporated, whilst at the same time small enough to allow different aircraft types to be displayed together, highlighting their relative size differences. Whilst the Buccaneer is still an impressive beast in 1/72nd scale, we couldn't help thinking how awesome it would look in the larger 1/48th scale!

The Airfix range has actually been able to boast the inclusion of a 1/48th scale Buccaneer kit since 1994, however, as many Workbench readers will probably be aware, this impressive kit did reflect the state of plastic kit design and manufacturing expertise at that time, and whilst it did produce a fine representation of the aircraft on which it was based, it did pose one or two build challenges along the way. With the levels of detail incorporated into the design of our new 1/72nd scale Buccaneer now far outstripping that found in this older, larger scale kit, it  was time to go BIG once more with the Buccaneer and the Airfix team were excited to be finally bringing thousands of modellers what they had been hoping to see for many a year.

If we are talking about completed model builds which possess a stature that positively demands attention when taking its place in any model display, we feel sure that our new 1/48th scale Buccaneer will have that by the bucket-load and we can't wait to see the first built examples gracing modelling social media sites following the release of this kit later in the year. To help keep the new BIG Buccaneer anticipation going, we are now in a position to share the FOUR scheme options which will be included with the initial release from this impressive newly tooled kit, which we will take a look at in turn now.

Scheme A - Blackburn Buccaneer S.2D XN981, No.809 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Ark Royal, August 1978.

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This particular Buccaneer would be delivered as an S.2 Rolls Royce Spey powered variant on 4th February 1965, initially allocated to 700B Flight at RNAS Lossiemouth, before going on to serve with No.801 NAS, embarking on HMS Victorious during June 1966. This aircraft would go on to have a long and illustrious service career, seeing service with Nos.809 and 800 Squadrons during her Fleet Air Arm days, before being transferred to the Royal Air Force in 1971, after undergoing conversion to S.2A standard.

Newly built Buccaneers for service with the Royal Air Force were given an enhanced maritime strike capability, with the ability to carry both anti-radar and anti-shipping missiles, as the retirement of the Navy's large carriers meant that they would now be providing this anti-ship protection from shore bases. These new bult Buccaneers could fire the Martel anti-radiation and Sea Eagle sea-skimming anti-shipping missiles, both of which were stand-off munitions, which could be fired at long range, thus increasing the survivability of the aircraft. These new build RAF Buccaneers carried the variant title S.2B, however, former Fleet Air Arm Buccaneers which went on to serve with the RAF underwent some limited rework and were referred to as Buccaneer S.2As. Some 36 Buccaneers were converted to this standard.

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Full scheme details for the 809 NAS decal option for the new Buccaneer kit.

In her first period of RAF service, XN981 spent time with both No.237 Operational Conversion Unit and No.12 Squadron at RAF Honington, before returning to the Royal Navy once more at the beginning of 1973. She would be upgraded to S.2D standard around this time, which was basically an S.2B standard Buccaneer with the ability to carry the Martel missile and with the RAF standard bomb bay door additional fuel tank removed. Once again, she would serve with No.809 Naval Air Squadron and would actually be part of the squadron's final cruise aboard HMS Ark Royal, following the discission to decommission Britain's last large carrier in 1978. During the carrier's final Mediterranean cruise in November 1978, XN981 was one of the Buccaneers launched for the final time from the deck or Ark Royal, with the vessel finally being decommissioned in Devonport early the following year. At the time of the final Mediterranean cruise, Ark Royal had a complement of 14 Buccaneers, with air cover being provided by 12 Phantom FG.1s.

Having finally hung up her sea wings, Buccaneer XN981 underwent modification once again to full S.2B standard and would serve the rest of het days wearing the camouflage of the Royal Air Force, spending time with Nos 208 and 12 Squadrons until her retirement in 1994. Although currently in a semi-dismantled and rather dilapidated state, she does still survive, having so far managed to avoid the unwelcome attentions of the scrapman.

Ably representing the legacy of this magnificent aeroplane during her service life, XN981 even spent time as the RAF's Buccaneer Airshow display jet, when in the colours of No.12 Squadron, she performed to millions of spectators at events the length and breadth of the country.   

Scheme B - Blackburn Buccaneer S.2C XV162, No.801 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Hermes, circa 1969.

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One of 17 new Buccaneers ordered from Hawker Siddeley Aviation at Brough to be delivered between April and December 1966, XV162 was delivered to the Fleet Air Arm on 21st September 1966 and allocated to No.810 Naval Air Squadron at RNAS Lossiemouth. The unit spent a brief period embarked on HMS Victorious for a Mediterranean cruise, before returning to Lossiemouth once more, during which time the squadron was officially recognised for its work in helping to bring the Buccaneer into Fleet Air Arm service. 

In 1968, No.810 NAS transferred to HMS Hermes for an extended period operating at sea, mainly in the Indian Ocean, but also in Mediterranean waters. One of four Royal Navy strike carriers, Hermes was a high profile display of Britain's naval might, with the flexibility to travel to any world hotspot and to provide a significant deterrent presence with her awesome strike capability in the event of heightened tensions. When stationed off the coast of Malta, Hermes' fixed wing aircraft would often disembark and operate from RAF Luqa and with her compliment of large jet aircraft away, life must have been much more manageable onboard for the ship’s crew.

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The Rolls Royce Spey powered S.2 variant built on the successes of its predecessor and made the Buccaneer an even more capable naval strike platform.

No.801 Naval Air Squadron flew back to RNAS Lossiemouth during 1970, where the unit was disbanded in July of that year, with their Buccaneers either allocated to other units, or repainted into the camouflage markings of the RAF. This proved to be an interesting time for those stationed at Lossiemouth, as the adoption of the Buccaneer by the RAF saw home based No.736 NAS given the responsibility of training RAF air and ground crews on the type, something which underlined the naval heritage of the RAF's latest strike aircraft. In addition to this, between September 1967 and March 1970, the Station Commander at RNAS Lossiemouth was none other than a certain Eric 'Winkle' Brown, famous test pilot and the Fleet Air Arm's most decorated pilot - just an interesting little side note!

Blackburn Buccaneer S.2C XV162 was one of the aircraft issued to RAF No.12 Squadron as they reformed at RAF Honington in 1969, the first RAF unit to be equipped with the type. Tragically, this aircraft would be lost in a fatal accident during a training flight from Honington in June 1972 - taking part in a low altitude formation flying exercise over the sea, rapidly deteriorating weather conditions were thought to have disorientated the pilot, which resulted in the aircraft hitting the water at high speed, with the sad loss of both souls onboard.

Scheme C - Blackburn Buccaneer S.2C XV340, No.809 Naval Air Squadron, Royal Naval Air Station Lossiemouth, Scotland 1970.

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The first Blackburn Buccaneer S.1s entered Royal Navy service in 1962 and were powered by a pair of De Havilland Gyron Junior engines, which proved to be something of a disappointment as a powerplant and held back the operational effectiveness of the aircraft somewhat. The introduction of the Buccaneer S.2 variant from 1965 saw the Navy's new strike jet married with the much more powerful Rolls Royce Spey engines and a welcome upgrade of its already impressive offensive striking capabilities. Providing the aircraft with 40% more thrust, increased range and greater efficiency, the Buccaneer S.2 was now an even more devastating fighting aircraft and one which must have struck fear into the hearts of Soviet naval captains in the vicinity of a Royal Navy carrier strike group. 

With its increased power, the S.2 variant was more than capable of landing back on a carrier with one of its engines shut down, possessing enough thrust to safely go around again, should the aircraft fail to catch the arrestor hook - reassuring operational redundancy for this hugely powerful aircraft. The adoption of the S.2 was not without its incidents however, and two rather high profile accidents would result in the temporary grounding of Britain’s Buccaneer force. In 1979 and 1980, two different aircraft lost their starboard outer wings whilst on flight operations, developments which immediately resulted in the grounding of the entire Buccaneer fleet. Thorough structural investigations revealed worrying fatigue cracks in some inspected wing spars which required the manufacture and fitting of new components, before the aircraft could return to normal flight operations. During this time, Buccaneer crews were required to maintain their currency by flying other aircraft, such as the Hawker Hunter in both single and dual seat trainer form.

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This No.809 NAS 'Immortal Phoenix' scheme will surely be a popular choice with modellers tackling this large scale Buccaneer kit, following its release later in the year.

Built by Hawker Siddeley Aviation during 1967, Buccaneer S.2 XV340 was delivered to the Fleet Air Arm on 26th April 1967, before being allocated to No.809 Naval Air Squadron at Lossiemouth to proudly wear the unit's 'Immortal Phoenix' crest on its tail. 809 have a proud heritage in operating the mighty Buccaneer, as they were reformed on 15th July 1963 to become the second front line Fleet Air Arm Buccaneer Squadron, at that time operating the S.1 variant of the aircraft. They would later trade these for the upgraded S.2 Spey engined Buccaneer, again initially at Lossiemouth, but for two years, embarked abord HMS Hermes, wielding the awesome power of this aircraft in the environment for which she was intended.

After another stint of shore based operation at Lossiemouth, XV340 would embark on HMS Ark Royal with an increased compliment of Buccaneers and following the disbandment of No.800 NAS, would have the distinction of becoming the Royal Navy's last Buccaneer squadron. With the Fleet Air Arm gradually handing their Buccaneers over to the RAF, this aircraft would arrive into the care of No.16 Squadron in May 1973, but over the course of the next six years would find herself representing no fewer than three other Royal Air Force squadrons, Nos.12, 15 and 208 squadrons. After being grounded in February 1980, the aircraft was transported to BAe Brough by sea and road for fatigue testing, at the completion of which the airframe was allocated the maintenance serial number 8659M. She ended her days as a target on the MOD's firing ranges at Pendine Sands in South Wales. 

Scheme D - Blackburn Buccaneer S.2C XV867, No.803 Naval Air Squadron, Royal Naval Air Station Lossiemouth, Scotland 1969.

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Another well-travelled Buccaneer, XV867 was constructed as an S.2 variant at Brough during 1968 and like so many Buccaneers before it, was towed 18 miles on its own undercarriage to enable its first flight to take place at Holme-on-Spalding Moor airfield. She was taken on charge with the Royal Navy at the beginning of December 1968, delivered to the Naval Air Support Unit at RNAS Lossiemouth. She would be transferred to No.803 NAS on 19th June 1960, where she would operate with the fuselage markings 611/LM.

During its Royal Navy service, this particular aircraft was apparently involved in a rather unusual incident, one which resulted in it suffering significant damage. During a deck landing, the pilot incorrectly assumed that the lack of immediate deceleration meant that his aircraft had missed the deck wires and had 'bolted'. As was normal procedure in such cases, the pilot opened up the throttles to climb away and attempt the landing once more, which is when he discovered his mistake. The aircraft had actually engaged with the final deck wire and despite the aircraft now being at take-off power, the said wire steadfastly held on to the Buccaneer, slamming it down on the deck of the carrier. Despite the fact that the aircraft suffered quite significant damage, it was later repaired and returned to service, but in the colours of the Royal Air Force and not the Fleet Air Arm.

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RNAS/RAF Lossiemouth is a station which has quite a historic connection with the operation of Britain's Buccaneer force over the years.

In RAF service the aircraft underwent upgrade to S.2B standard and spent time operating with No.237 Operational Conversion Unit, along with periods in the colours of both No.12 and No.208 Squadrons, actually alternating between all three over the years. On 10th September 1993, the aircraft suffered a further significant mishap whilst attempting to land at RAF Leeming, where its undercarriage collapsed. Classified as being beyond economical repair, the aircraft was later scrapped at Leeming, with just the nose section being spared the scrapman's axe. This nose section was sold into private ownership and restored to an impressive condition, with its owner placing it on loan with the Morayvia Aviation Museum at Kinloss for public display.


All four of the scheme options offered with this magnificent new kit help to tell the story of the Buccaneer S.2 in Fleet Air Arm service, but as most aircraft would go on to have long and varied inter-service careers, each one also has an interesting history all of its own to learn about. With the retirement of the Royal Navy’s last big carriers, the RAF would inherit former Royal Navy Buccaneers, aircraft which would constantly remind their new owners of their naval heritage. It is interesting to note that the new built aircraft later ordered for the Royal Air Force would retain the folding wings and arrester hook of the original naval Buccaneers, as these existing design features were not deemed to be detrimental to the performance of the aircraft. Keen to avoid the expense of unnecessary re-development, the new RAF Buccaneers simply kept these Senior Service design features.

This new Buccaneer kit really is something special and one which many Workbench readers will no doubt be looking forward to building. Our next development update will hopefully feature a built and finished kit using advanced production sample parts and we are looking forward to seeing which of the four scheme options featured above Paramjit will decide to use on his model. Sure to be difficult to get hold of following release if pre-order numbers are anything to go by, it really would be a good idea to secure your 1/48th Blackburn Buccaneer S.2 before they arrive in our warehouse, just to avoid having to wait for a later production run due to its popularity. Thankfully, we are not going to have to wait too long for this beauty now!

The thrill of that next build

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Our new official unboxing videos are an important new addition to the official Airfix YouTube channel and we already have several videos for your delectation.

As modellers know only too well, the thrill of opening a new model kit box to inspect its contents for the first time is something which never loses its appeal, with those familiar sights, sounds and smells being a particularly enjoyable facet of our hobby. Unfortunately, in this age of the contracting high street and the number of model shops now being just a pale shadow of their former glories, it can actually be quite a challenge to admire and discuss the latest Airfix kit releases with a knowledgeable supplier at the time of selecting your next purchase.

Within the Airfix team, we regularly discuss how we might further enhance the web experience for visitors to the Airfix website and we are pleased to report that one such idea has recently been introduced as a new feature on our Official YouTube channel - our new release official unboxings. An attempt to try and give modellers the chance to enjoy something of a virtual box opening experience, we decided to set this up as a relatively simple POV type of video, almost as if the watcher is opening the box for themselves. Whilst we know this may not be able to replicate the thrill of doing this for yourself either in your local model shop, or in the comfort of your own home, it is something a little different for the website and hopefully, something which may be of interest to some.

With these video productions having been a feature of the Airfix YouTube channel for a couple of weeks now, we already have several official unboxings to our name, with the latest addition being the recently released 1/48th scale North American P-51D Mustang. This latest release from our relatively new 1/48th scale Mustang tooling features box artwork which takes Major Edward Bonfoy Giller's 343rd FS 'The Millie G' as its inspiration, a particularly attractive European Air War Mustang scheme and a classic subject for a modelling project.

Lt. Edward Giller and the rest of the 343rd Fighter Squadron left the US for England during the summer of 1943, destined for the new USAAF Station 131 at Nuthampstead in Hertfordshire. The three assigned squadrons at the base would make up the 55th Fighter Group of the Eighth Air Force and on 15th October 1943, became the first P-38 Lightning equipped group to become operational in the European Theatre. Their initial duties were to fly bomber protection missions deep into enemy territory and when they had the chance to engage the Luftwaffe, to destroy as many enemy aircraft as possible, be that by engaging in aerial combat, or by destroying them on the ground.

Giller is reported to have described the Lightning as an excellent fighting machine, but not one which was ideal for taking on the Luftwaffe over their own territory. German fighter crews knew that if they saw two contrails in the sky, that they were most likely to be American Lightnings, so they had no element of surprise in their operations. Lacking the range to escort the bombers all the way to their targets, if units were attacked by German fighters, they would adopt slash and run tactics, knowing that if the dived towards the ground, the American fighters simply could not catch them. Once they spotted the vapour trails, they just waited for the fighters to turn back before running in to target the bombers unopposed, but thankfully that all changed when the 343rd exchanged their P-38 Lightnings for a new fighter.

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The Mustang was one of the great fighting aeroplanes of the Second World War and as far as the modeller is concerned, it also happened to be one of the most attractive. With so many appealing schemes to consider finishing our models in, 'The Millie G' has to be considered something of a classic.

In April 1944, all three squadrons which made up the 55th Fighter Group moved to a new base, Station 159 Wormingford in Essex, in advance of their re-equipping with the latest variant of the North American P-51 Mustang. Giller and his squadron mates would prepare for their first flight in this new single engined fighter by fastidiously studying the pilots notes booklets they had all been supplied with and following a quick cockpit familiarisation session, it was a case of immediately taking that first flight plunge. Fully operational in the Mustang by July, Giller thought this new fighter gave them a definite combat edge - not only could they now spring attack surprises on the enemy, they had an aircraft which could follow Luftwaffe fighters down to the deck, pressing home their determined attacks. As the number of enemy aircraft to tangle with became noticeably fewer at that time, they often found themselves having to engage in dangerous, tree-top height missions to known Luftwaffe airfield sites, hoping to find targets of opportunity.

On a bomber escort mission over Munich on 9th April 1945, Giller and his flight were released to go and hunt Luftwaffe targets, when he noticed a Messerschmitt Me 262 jet being chased by, but outpacing a gaggle of USAAF Mustangs. It was a usual jet tactic to approach protected US bombers at speed, make an attack run and head for the deck, tempting the covering Mustangs to jettison their underwing fuel tanks and give chase. With little chance of catching the jets, the Mustangs would have to turn for home once their limited remaining fuel hit a critical level, leaving the German jets and other fighter units to return to the bombers and exact a heavy toll. On this particular occasion, the Me 262 pilot he spotted was not going to retain the combat upper hand for long.

Dropping tanks and rolling into a steep dive, ‘The Millie G’ had a significant height advantage over the Messerschmitt and helped by the effects of gravity, the Mustang’s airspeed indicator hit 500mph as he levelled out, immediately speeding past the other Mustangs giving chase. With the German jet now preparing to land at Munich-Riem airfield, he lined it up in his gunsight and let him have all six .50 cal machine guns. The jet made a heavy belly landing, by which time every gun on the airfield was firing in the direction of Giller and his Mustang, but fortunately, his high speed and low altitude made it difficult for them to target him accurately and he managed to head home unscathed.

If ever you need a story to inspire your next model build project, then surely 'The Millie G' must be up for consideration. This stunning new 1/48th scale Mustang kit is available now and our official unboxing video can be accessed HERE.
  

That’s all we have for you this week, but we will be back with more project updates for you next week. As always, we are interested to hear your views on all things Airfix and particularly in relation to our Workbench blog, so if you ever feel like dropping us a quick line, please use our workbench@airfix.com contact e-mail address. 

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Airfix Workbench Team

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Michael.Clegg 1 year ago
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